mugl bwdSwh AOrµgzyb dI mOq qoN bwAd mugl swmrwj dw pqn hoxw SurU hox nwl Bwrq iv`c v`K-v`K qwkqW ny isr cu`kxw SurU kr id`qw[ AOrµgzyb dI mOq qoN bwAd aus dw v`fw pu`qr bhwdr Swh zPr (1707-1712) auqrwAiDkwrI bixAw[ rwjg`dI pRwpq krn smyN auh vfyrI aumr dw sI Aqy rwj sbµDI PYsly lYx, pRSwsn clwaux iv`c iF`lw Aqy AwlsI mµinAw jWdw sI[ ies krky hI lok aus ƒ Swh-ey-byKbr AwKdy sn[ X¨rpIAn ieiqhwskwr ies bwdSwh ƒ ilKdy hn ijs dy PlsrUp mugl swmrwj dy pqn iv`c hor qyzI Aw geI Aqy v`K-v`K qwkqW ny rwj sQwpq krn dIAW iqAwrIAW hor qyz kr id`qIAW[ iesy kwrn hI m`DkwlIn Bwrq dy nwmI ieiqhwskwr jwdUnwQ srkwr "18vIN sdI dy pihly A`D dy Aµq ƒ Bwrq iv`c ivdySI Aqy AµdrUnI qwkqW dI AwpsI lVweI dw Gol d`sdy hn[''

bhwdr Swh dy auqrwiDkwrIAW smyN qW mugl bwdSwhI idn-b-idn FihµdIAW klwvW v`l ƒ vDI Aqy Bwrq iv`c v`Kry-v`Kry pRWqW dI hoNd kwiem ho geI[ 18vIN sdI dy dUjy A`D qoN bwAd pUrbI Bwrq v`l ibRitS eIst ieµfIAw kµpnI, d`KxI Bwrq v`l ƒ mrwTy Aqy auqrI Bwrq v`l is`K imsldwrW ny AwpxI hoNd ƒ spSt rUp iv`c kwiem kr ilAw[ BwvyN APgwnW ny muglW dI qwkq ƒ KyrU-KyrU kr id`qw sI pRµq¨ 18vIN sdI dy Aµq smyN APgwnW dI AwpxI qwkq vI fwvWfol ho geI sI[ muglW Aqy APgwnW dI qwkq dy pqn nwl pµjwb iv`c is`KW ny AwpxI kr vsUlI (rwKI) ƒ isrP pµjwb iv`c hI nhIN r`iKAw sgoN auqrI Bwrq v`l vI kwiem kr ilAw[ pRo· hrI rwm gupqw dy kQn Anuswr "18vIN sdI dy ipCly A`D dy AKIr v`l ƒ pµjwb dI rwjnIqk AvsQw lgpg ieho ijhI sI ijho ijhI bwkI Bwrq dI sI[ swrw Bwrq Coty v`fy pRWqW iv`c svqµqr rwjW dI qrHW vµifAw hoieAw sI['' mugl bwdSwh Swh Awlm dUjw iek kmzor Aqy byv`s bwdSwh sI[ swrI qwkq dI vrqoN aus dw vzIr njIb-aud-dwaulw krdw sI[ is`KW dI v`D rhI qwkq qoN auh vI fr mihsUs krn l`igAw[ AijhI siQqI iv`c is`K imsldwr AwpxI qwkq ƒ pµjwb qoN bwhr Azmwaux l`gy[ jymz Postr ilKdy hn ik 'is`KW dy jQy jo imslW dy rUp iv`c pRPulq hoey, auh AwpxI h`dbµdI qoN mukq sn Aqy ij`Qy aunHW dw dwA lgdw sI, lu`tmwr krdy rihµdy Aqy Aµq iv`c aus ielwky dy lokW dy bcwE qy SWqI leI kr vsUlI (rwKI) pRwpq krn leI lokW ƒ sihmq kr lYNdy[ auh Coty Awzwd rwjW dI qrHW kr vsUldy Aqy Awpxw pRSwsn clwauNdy BwvyN ik auh pRSwsn sQweI nhIN huµdw sI['' AlYgzYNfr fwA Anuswr "1768 eIsvI iv`c Coty-v`fy imsldwrW dI Aqy smu`cy qOr 'qy GoV svwrW dI igxqI qkrIbn 60,000 dy lgpg sI"[ bhuigxqI ieiqhwskwrW dw kQn hY ik 1770 eIsvI ƒ is`K imsldwrW ny ijnHW iv`c j`sw isµG AwhlUvwlIAw, KuShwl isµG, bGyl isµG, Swm isµG, qwrw isµG, kroVw isµG, rwey isµG Awid ny 40,000 qoN v`D POj lY ky id`lI dI h`d v`l ƒ vDdy hoey gµgw-Xmunw duAwb v`l DwVvI hmlw kr id`qw[ pRo· hrI rwm gupqw Anuswr "Xmunw pwr krky gµgw duAwb v`l ƒ AwpxI Pqih krdy hoey shwrnpur, myrT, ibznOr, swmlI, kWDlw, AµmbnI, imAWpur, idaUbµd, muz`Prngr, jvwlwpur, kxKl, nMDoArw, nzIbwbwd, murwdwbwd, cµdyrI, An¨p Sihr, gVmukqysr Awid QwvW dy is`K lu`tmwr krdy hoey AwpxI kr vsUlI (rwKI) dI ADInqw svIkr krvwauNdy hoey vwps pµjwb prq Awey"[ ienHW ij`qW ny is`K imsldwrW dy hOsly bulMd kr id`qy Aqy auh swry auqr p`CmI Bwrq dy mwlk bxn dI socx l`gy[ BwvyN aunHW dI ieh soc mukµml rUp iv`c pUrI nhIN hoeI ikauNik is`K imsldwrW dI AwpsI Pu`t, riµzS Aqy iek dUjy qoN Awpxy-Awp ƒ v`fw swbq krn dI prµprw ny aunHW ƒ sWJI kVI iv`c b`Jx nhIN id`qw[ auh AwpxIAW v`KrIAW-v`KrIAW ij`qW ƒ mu`K r`Kdy sn Aqy iesy kwrn hI auh smu`cy qOr 'qy sQweI rUp iv`c auqr p`CmI Bwrq dy Swsk nw bx sky[

1774 eIsvI dI grmI ru`q smyN is`K imsldwrW ny muV id`lI v`l ƒ DwVvI hmlw kr id`qw[ id`lI lwgly ielwky-Swhdrw, vzIrwbwd, pwlmpur, nz`PrgVH, bwdSwhpur ƒ lu`tdy hoey gµgw-duAwb ƒ pwr krky muV aunHW swry ielwikAW iv`coN kr vsUlI kIqI Aqy Awpxy srdwrW ƒ kr vsUlI (rwKI) Aqy Swsn pRbµD dIAW hdwieqW id`qIAW[ mugl bwdSwh AwpxI bybsI, AmIrW dI AwpsI lVweI, mrwiTAW duAwrw id`lI au`qy rwj krn dI lwlsw, ibRitS eIst ieµfIAw kµpnI duAwrw swry Bwrq 'qy rwj pRbµD sQwpq krn dw mµqv Aqy id`lI dI gµBIr rwjnIqk AvsQw ƒ smJdw hoieAw is`KW nwl smJOqw krn leI socx l`igAw[ ies mµqv dI pUrqI leI bwdSwh ny Abdul Aihd Kwn ƒ idSw inrdyS id`qy Aqy rwj Bwg dw kuJ auqrI Bwg is`KW ƒ ih`sy iv`c smJOqy vjoN dyx leI ByijAw[ aus ny mugl bwdSwh v`loN hr srdwr ƒ 1000 GoV svwr, 500 pYdl sYink r`Kx leI ikhw Aqy hr GoV svwr ƒ 30 rupey mhInw qnKwh Aqy pYdl sYink ƒ 5 rupey mhInw qnKwh dyx dI pySkS kIqI[ pRµq¨ ieh smJOqw isry nw cVH sikAw ikauNik ies smyN is`K imsldwr id`lI dy nyVy Swhjhwnwbwd iv`c Awpxy fyry lweI bYTy sn Aqy id`lI ƒ ij`q ky lu`tx dy mnsUby bxw rhy sn[ jymz Postr Aqy jymz brwaUn AwpxIAW ilKqW iv`c ilKdy hn ik "1774 eIsvI qoN lY ky Agly 10 swlW q`k is`K imsldwr iesy qrHW dI id`lI lwl ikly dy lwgly ih`sy Aqy gµgw-Xmunw duAwb qoN AwpxI kr vsUlI krdy rhy"[

pwxIpq dy qIsry Xu`D (1761) iv`c BwvyN mrwTy APgwnW qoN hwr cu`ky sn pRµq¨ aunHW ny dubwrw qoN AwpxI SkqI iek`TI krnI SurU kr id`qI Aqy id`lI ƒ ij`qx dy mnsUby GVx l`gy[ dUsry pwsy Aµgryz vI id`lI iv`c Awpxw pVwA pwaux dIAW ivaUNqW bxw rhy sn[ ruhylw jwt Aqy is`K imsldwr vI id`lI 'qy kwbz hox leI iqAwrIAW kr rhy sn[ AijhI siQqI iv`c is`K imsldwr mOky dI qwk iv`c sn ik kdoN id`lI au`qy hmlw krky lwl iklHy Aµdr auh AwpxI pRBUs`qw kwiem kr skx[ X¨rpIAn ilKwrI PrYklIn AwpxI ilKq 'Swh Awlm' (1798) iv`c ilKdy hn ik "1780 qoN bwAd mugl bwdSwh isrP nW vjoN hI rih igAw sI"[ aus dy rwj dI sImw id`lI qoN pwlmpur ipµf q`k hI rih geI sI[ AijhI siQqI dw lwB auTwauNdy hoey j`sw isµG AwhlUvwlIAw, srdwr bGyl isµG Aqy kuJ hor srdwrW ny rl ky id`lI dy lwl ikly 'qy hmlw kr id`qw[ mugl bwdSwh Swh Awlm dUjw AwpxI jwn bcwauNdw hoieAw znwn-Kwny iv`c jw luikAw[ is`K dIvwn-ey-Awm iv`c dwKl hoey[ srdwr bGyl isµG ny j`sw isµG AwhlUvwlIey ƒ id`lI dy q^q aupr 11 mwrc 1783 eI· ƒ ibTwieAw Aqy mor pµKiVAW vwlw cOr jo q^q kol ipAw sI, ƒ auTw ky is`K srdwr j`sw isµG AwhlUvwlIAw dy isr aupr Pyr ky aus ƒ invwijAW[ boly so inhwl dy jYkwirAw nwl id`lI dw lwl iklHw gUµj auiTAw Aqy id`lI aupr is`KW dI hk¨mq dy idn SurU ho gey[

pRµq¨ kuJ srdwrW ƒ Kws qOr 'qy j`sw isµG rwmgVHIey ƒ j`sw isµG AwhlUvwlIAw dw rwj isµGwsn au`qy bYTxw cµgw nw l`gw ijs kwrn is`KW iv`c AwpsI Pu`t dIAW qryVW swhmxy Awaux l`gIAW[ ies ƒ mihsUs krdy hoey j`sw isµG AwhlUvwlIAw ny q^q qoN auqr kyy is`K kOm dI eykqw dw pRqIk bxdy hoey ikhw ik "ieh q^q myrw nhIN sgoN swrI is`K kOm Kwlsw pµQ dw hY"[ ies kwrn j`sw isµG rwmgVHIAw jo ivroDqw krdw sI SWq ho igAw qy id`lI iv`coN kuJ CotIAW qopW Aqy swmwn lu`tdw hoieAw lwl ikly 'coN bwhr pµjwb v`l ƒ prq AwieAw[ AijhI siQqI iv`c is`K imsldwr bGyl isµG ny id`lI dy rwj Bwg dI vwgfor sµBwlI Aqy kr vsUlI dy is`Dy hukm is`KW ƒ krn leI id`qy[ ies qrHW dy ivcwr qihms Kwn mskIn AwpxI ilKq 'qwjkIrwh-ey-qihms Kwn mskIn' (1780) iv`c ilKdy hn[

mugl bwdSwh Swh Awlm dUjy ny is`KW ƒ id`lI 'coN bwhr k`Fx ivc Awpxy Awp ƒ AsmrQ smJdy hoey AwpxI iek vPwdwr AOrq bygm smro ƒ id`lI dy lwl iklHy Aµdr jw ky is`KW nwl smJOqw krn leI sunyhw ByijAw[ bygm smro ny bwdSwh dy p`K qoN is`KW ƒ ApIl krdy hoey bynqI kIqI jo ik is`K srdwr bGyl isµG ny kuJ SrqW r`K ky mµn leI[ srdwr bGyl isµG ny ikhw ik id`lI dI hk¨mq audoN q`k is`K krdy rihxgy jdoN q`k auh is`KW dy gurduAwirAW dI id`lI ivc auswrI nhIN krvw lYNdy[ ies qrHW srdwr bGyl isµG ny 11 mwrc 1783 qoN jnvrI 1784 eIsvI q`k id`lI dy lwl iklHy 'qy hk¨mq krky id`lI vwsIAW ƒ bwhrly hmilAW qoN bcwieAw[ is`KW dy gSqI toly rwq ƒ id`lI ivc gSq krdy Aqy Amno-Amwn dI rwKI krdy ijs dy PlsrUp id`lI ivc muV suK-SWqI dI SurUAwq hoeI[

gurduAwrw bMglw swihb

srdwr bGyl isµG ny Awpxy bwdSwhI smyN dOrwn id`lI ivc gurduAwirAW dI auswrI leI "cUµgI vsUlI" dw 37·5 pRqISq Bwg is`KW ƒ Awpxy kol r`Kx dw hukm id`qw[ koqvwlI, cWdnI cOk Aqy Sihr dIAW swrIAW cUUµgIAW dw AiDkwr Awpxy kol r`Kx dw hukm id`qw[ is`K srdwrW ny Awpxw v`Krw mu`K dPqr sbzI mµfI ivc bxw ilAw qW jo aunHW duAwrw bxweIAW jWdIAW XojnwvW bwry lwl iklyH dy CVXµqrI APsr nw BWp skx[ iesy krky is`K srdwrW ny lwl ikly qoN htvIN Aqy invyklI QW 'qy 30 hzwr POj nwl Awpxw pVwA pwieAw ies QW ƒ hux id`lI ivKy 30 hzwrI nW nwl jwixAw jWdw hY[ bGyl isµG ny 4000 dI sYnw smyq id`lI ivc hI fyry lgweI r`Ky[ bwkI sYnw Aqy srdwrW ƒ hukm id`qw ik auh id`lI ƒ C`f ky id`lI dy bwhrly ielwikAW Aqy gµgw-Xmunw duAwb v`l AwpxI pRBUs`qw kwiem r`Kx qW jo id`lI dy lwl iklHy Aµdr bgwvq krn vwilAW dy mn ivc fr BYA pYdw rhy[ bygm smro ny srdwr bGyl isµG ƒ Awdr qy siqkwr swihq ies g`l leI vI mµnvw ilAw ik gurduAwirAW dI auswrI qoN bwAd is`K POjW id`lI ƒ vwps mugl bwdSwh dy hvwly krky pµjwb v`l ƒ prq jwxgIAW[

gurduAwrw sis gMj

Swh Awlm dUjy ny is`K srdwrW ƒ iqµn l`K rupey kVwh pRSwd leI Bytw id`qI jo rkm aus smyN Swh Awlm dUjy leI bhuq v`fI sI[ srdwr bGyl isµG ny id`lI ivc sB qoN pihlW mwqw suµdrI Aqy mwqw swihb dyvW dI Xwd ivc gurduAwirAW dw inrmwx krvwieAw[ dUsrw gurduAwrw mhwrwjy jY isµG dy jY isµGpury ivKy bxvwieAw ijs ƒ A`j k`lH gurduAwrw 'bµglw swihb' ikhw jWdw hY Aqy Xmnw ndI dy kµFy 'qy gurU hrikRSn swihb, mwqw suµdrI Aqy mwqw swihb dyvW dy AµgITy dIAW XwdgwrW vI kwiem kIqIAW[ qIsrw gurduAwrw gurU qyg bhwdr dI ShIdI vwlI QW cWdnI cOk ivKy bxvwieAw[ ies qoN ielwvw gurU qyg bhwdr dI ShIdI vwlI QW 'qy Aqy ijQy aunHW dw dwh sskwr kIqw igAw aunHW QwvW 'qy gurduAwirAW dy inrmwx dI Xojnw iqAwr kIqI geI[ aus smyN auprokq dovyN QwvW 'qy msijdW bxIAW hox kwrn sm`isAwvW Aw rhIAW sn[ sB qoN pihlW is`KW ny msijd ƒ Fwh ky 'rkwb gµj' gurduAwry dI nINh r`KI ijs kwrn id`lI dy muslmwnW ny bwdSwh Swh Awlm d¨jy pRqI hI nhIN, sgoN is`KW ivru`D vI Awpxw ivroD pRgt kIqw[ bwdSwh ny ieh kihµdy hoey muslmwnW ƒ SWq kIqw ik jykr ies ivru`D lVweI JgVw kIqw qW is`KW ny id`lI ivcoN lu`t-Ksu`t dy nwl nwl kql-ey-Awm vI krnw hY[ jdoN bGyl isµG duAwrw gurduAwrw SIS gµj dI nINh r`KxI cwhI qW muslmwnW v`loN sKq ivroD hoxw SurU ho igAw[ igAwnI igAwn isµG ilKdy hn ik "srdwr bGyl isµG ny iek bu`FI qIvIN, ijs dw Kwvµd aus smyN mSk lY ky gurU qyg bhwdr pws Kloqw sI, qoN pu`iCAw ik d`s Shwdq vwlI QW ikhVI hY, ies auprµq aus ny d`isAw ik bohV dy drKq pws ijQy msijd bxI hoeI hY ieQy auh Gtnw vwprI sI'' vwikAw-ey-Swh Awlm swnI dy ilKwrI Anuswr "mugl bwdSwh Swh Awlm dI dKlAµdwzI nwl id`lI dy muslmwnW dI sihmqI lY ky ieh gurduAwrw msijd dy nwl vwlI dIvwr ƒ Fwh ky bxwieAw igAw Aqy ies dw nW gurduAwrw SIS gµj r`iKAw igAw"[

1857 eI· dy gdr dOrwn jINd dy rwjw srUp isµG ny AµgryzW dI slwh nwl ies msijd ƒ Fwh ky ies gurduAwry dy cwr-cuPyry vDyrI QW ml leI[ CyvW gurduAwrw mzn¨ dw it`lw vwlI QW 'qy bxvwieAw igAw ijQy gurU nwnk qy BweI mrdwnw Aqy bwAd ivc gurU hrgoibµd swihb Tihry sn[ s`qvW gurduAwrw moqI bwg ivKy bxwieAw igAw ijQy gurU goibµd isµG Tihry sn[ srdwr bGyl isµG ny aunHW swrIAW QwvW 'qy gurduAwirAW dw inrmwx krvwieAw ijhVIAW gurU swihbwn dI Xwd nwl juVIAW hoeIAW sn[ jI·fbilaU· POrYst ijs ny ic`TIAW, ilKqW Aqy hor srkwrI ic`TIAW 1772 qoN 1785 dy smyN dIAW ƒ iqµn ijldW ivc klmbµd kIqw[ qIsrI ijld ivc aunHW vrnx kIqw hY ik "ienHW gurduAwirAW dy nW 'qy bhuq swrIAW Drm-ArQ gRWtW Aqy mwiek rUp lokW ny Ku`lHy idl nwl shwieqw kIqI"[ iesy qrHW dy ivcwr bwAd ivc rqn isµG BµgU ny vI id`qy[ m`DkwlIn Bwrq dy ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr 1784 eIsvI dy AKIrly mhIny q`k is`KW ny gurduAwirAW dI auswrI dw kµm lgpg pUrw kr ilAw sI[ dsµbr mhIny dy Aµq smyN is`K srdwr bGyl isµG Awpxy mu`K dPqr sbzI mµfI qoN iek v`fy jlUs dI Skl ivc id`lI dy lwl iklHy ivc Swh Awlm ƒ imlx gey[ igAwnI igAwn isµG dy Anuswr, "muslmwn mSwlcI A`gy-A`gy, is`K srdwr sjy hoey GoiVAW aupr Aqy bGyl isµG iek KUbsUrq iSµgwry hoey hwQI aupr bYT ky is`K POjW nwl lwl iklHy Aµdr dwKl hoey[ ies smyN boly-so-inhwl dy gUµjdy jYkwirAW ny lwl iklyH dIAW kµDW ƒ vI kµbxI CyV id`qI''[ Swh Awlm bGyl isµG dy svwgq leI dIvwn-ey-Awm ivc Kloqw sI[ is`K PojdwrW ƒ qohiPAW nwl nvwijAw igAw[ bGyl isµG ny 12·5 pRqISq cUµgI kr Awpxy kol r`Kx dw hukm id`qw jo Swh Awlm ny pRvwn kr ilAw[ ies qrHW is`K srdwr bGyl isµG ny 11 mwrc 1783 eI· qoN jnvrI 1784 eIsvI q`k id`lI dy isµGwsn 'qy Awpxw AiDkwr sQwpq r`iKAw Aqy Awpxy vwAdy muqwbk jnvrI 1784 eIsvI ivc Swh Awlm ƒ id`lI dI bwdSwhI vwps krdy hoey vwps pµjwb prq Awey[

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